高Caの発症機序は骨髄腫細胞が産生するDKK1(dickkopf homolog1)による骨芽細胞抑制とMIP1α(macrophage inflammatory protein 1α)およびRANKL(receptor activator of nuclear factor κB)による破骨細胞活性化による.*14
*1 Iida S, Ueda R. Multistep tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma: its molecular delineation. Int J Hematol. 2003 Apr;77(3):207-12. *2 Weiss BM, et al. A monoclonal gammopathy precedes multiple myeloma in most patients. Blood. 2009 May 28;113(22):5418-22. *3 Otsuyama K, et al. An increase in MPC-1- and MPC-1-CD45+ immaure myeloma cells in the progressive states of bone marrow plasmacytosis:the revised phenotypic classification of monoclonal marrow plasmacytosis (MOMP-2005). Int J Hematol. 2006 Jan;83(1):39-43. *4 Terstappen LW, et al., Identification and characterization of plasma cells in normal human bone marrow by high-resolution flow cytometry. Blood. 1990 Nov 1;76(9):1739-47. *5 Harada H et al., Phenotypic difference of normal plasma cells from mature myeloma cells.Blood. 1993 May 15;81(10):2658-63. *6 De Vos J, et al.,Microarray-based understanding of normal and malignant plasma cells. Immunol Rev. 2006 Apr;210:86-104. *7 Jourdan M et al., The myeloma cell antigen syndecan-1 is lost by apoptotic myeloma cells. Br J Haematol. 1998 Mar;100(4):637-46. *8 Huang N, Kawano MM, et al., Heterogeneous expression of a novel MPC-1 antigen on myeloma cells: possible involvement of MPC-1 antigen in the adhesion of mature myeloma cells to bone marrow stromal cells. Blood. 1993 Dec 15;82(12):3721-9. *9 Otsuyama K, et al. An increase in MPC-1- and MPC-1-CD45+ immature myeloma cells in the progressive states of bone marrow plasmacytosis: the revised phenotypic classification of monoclonal marrow plasmacytosis (MOMP-2005).Int J Hematol. 2006 Jan;83(1):39-43. *10 多発性骨髄腫Updating 第2巻 多発性骨髄腫の症候/合併症とその対策-骨髄腫の多様な臨床病態をいかに評価し管理するか-, 医薬ジャーナル社, 2013 *11 林 敏昭 V.多発性骨髄腫の検査, 診断 症候と身体所見 日本臨床 2016;74 suppl5: 198-201 *12 多発性骨髄腫の診療指針(日本骨髄腫研究会編), 文光堂, 2004 *13 Kyle RA, et al. Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78(1): 21-33 *14 Hayashi T, et al. Novel therapies for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2003; 120(1): 10-17 *15 Silvestris F, et al.Negative regulation of erythroblast maturation by Fas-L(+)/TRAIL(+) highly malignant plasma cells: a major pathogenetic mechanism of anemia in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2002 Feb 15;99(4):1305-13. *16 Sharma S et al.Involvement of hepcidin in the anemia of multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 1;14(11):3262-7. *17 Morgan GJ, et al.Long-term follow-up of MRC Myeloma IX trial: Survival outcomes with bisphosphonate and thalidomide treatment. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Nov 1;19(21):6030-8.