剖検病理診断
1. intravascular lymphomatosis involved capillary, small artery and sinus of the brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, adrenal gland, colon and bone marrow
2. multiple organ failure
intravascular lymphomatosisはWHOの定義で intravascular large B- celllymphomatosisとされ、intravascular T-cell or NK cell lymphomaは異なる疾患群とされてる。本例ではB, T cellの証明ができなかった。異なるtypeのintravascular lymphomatosisの一例と考えられる. おそらくNK cell type IVL.
増殖腫瘍細胞は豊かな細胞質とくびれのない核をもつ large non-cleaved cellの形態を示すことが多い. 核小体は通常めだたない。まれには大型単独の核小体をもち, immunoblastの形態を示す場合もある。多くはmonomorphicな増殖をし, しばしば核分裂像が観察される.
腫瘍細胞は多くがB細胞であるがごくまれにTリンパ球の報告例があり、このpageでも症例02はT,Bいずれのlineageにも決定しがたい。WHO定義からははずれるが血管外への浸潤がある症例やB細胞以外のリンパ球由来症例もあるため最新悪性リンパ腫アトラス, 森先生の本疾患の項*13ではintravascular large cell lymphomaとB-cellをはずしてある。
25 例のIVLBCL 患者から得られたランダム皮膚生検82 検体の後方視的に検討し,38 検体(46%)では,皮下の脂肪織にのみ腫瘍細胞が認められ,腫瘍細胞が認められた皮膚表面からの最小の深さは,4 mm を上回ったのが47%,5 mm を上回ったのが37%,中央値は3.64 mm と報告した(Enzanら¬e{:Enzan N, Kitadate A, Tanaka A, Matsue K. Incisional random skin biopsy, not punch biopsy, is an appropriate method for diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathological study of 25 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2019; 181:200-201.)。
*1 *1 Au WY, Shek WH, Nicholls J, Tse KM, Todd D, Kwong YL: T-cell intravascular lymphomatosis (angiotropic large cell lymphoma): association with Epstein-Barr viral infection. Histopathology 1997; 31: pp. 563-567. *2 Sepp N, Schuler G, Romani N, Geissler D, Gattringer C, Burg G, Bartram CR, Fritsch P: “Intravascular lymphomatosis” (angioendotheliomatosis): evidence for a T-cell origin in two cases. Hum Pathol 1990; 21: pp. 1051-1058. *3 Sheibani K, Battifora H, Winberg CD, Burke JS, Ben-Ezra J, Ellinger GM, Quigley NJ, Fernandez BB, Morrow D, Rappaport H: Further evidence that “malignant angioendotheliomatosis” is an angiotropic large-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: pp. 943-948. *4 Cerroni L, Massone C, Kutzner H, Mentzel T, Umbert P, Kerl H: Intravascular large T-cell or NK-cell lymphoma: a rare variant of intravascular large cell lymphoma with frequent cytotoxic phenotype and association with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32: pp. 891-898. *5 Wu H, Said JW, Ames ED, Chen C, McWhorter V, Chen P, Ghali V, Pinkus GS: First reported cases of intravascular large cell lymphoma of the NK cell type: clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular features. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 123: pp. 603-611. *6 Kuo TT, Chen MJ, Kuo MC: Cutaneous intravascular NK-cell lymphoma: report of a rare variant associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: pp. 1197-1201. *7 Au WY, Shek TW, Kwong YL: Epstein-Barr virus-related intravascular lymphomatosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24: pp. 309-310. *8 Samols MA, Su A, Ra S, Cappel MA, Louissant A, Knudson RA, Ketterling RP, Said J, Binder S, Harris NL, Feldman AL, Kim J, Kim YH, Gratzinger D: Intralymphatic cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma/lymphomatoid papulosis: expanding the spectrum of CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38: pp. 1203-1211. *9 Snowden JA, Angel CA, Winfield DA, Pringle JH, West KP: Angiotropic lymphoma: report of a case with histiocytic features. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50: pp. 67-70. *10 O'Grady JT, Shahidullah H, Doherty VR, al-Nafussi A: Intravascular histiocytosis. Histopathology 1994; 24: pp. 265-268. *11 Mori S. et al, Cellular characteristics of angioendotheliosis. An immunohistological study of 6 cases. Virhow Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1985, 407;167-175. *12 森茂郎 血管内大細胞型リンパ腫 最新悪性リンパ腫アトラス pp180-182, 2004 文光堂 東京 *13 森茂郎 血管内大細胞型リンパ腫 最新悪性リンパ腫アトラス pp180-182, 2004 文光堂 東京 *14 Ponzoni M, et al.Lack of CD 29 (beta1 integrin) and CD 54 (ICAM-1) adhesion molecules in intravascular lymphomatosis Hum Pathol 2000;31(2):220-6. PMID: 10685637 *15 K Shimada, et al. Development and analysis of patient-derived xenograft mouse models in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2016 Jul;30(7):1568-79.PMID: 27001523 *16 Murase T, et al.Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL): a clinicopathologic study of 96 cases with special reference to the immunophenotypic heterogeneity of CD5. Blood. 2007 Jan 15;109(2):478-85.PMID: 16985183 *17 Shimada K, et al. Development and analysis of patient-derived xenograft mouse models in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2016 Jul;30(7):1568-79.PMID: 27001523 *18 Schrader AMR, et al. High prevalence of MYD88 and CD79B mutations in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2018 May 3;131(18):2086-2089.PMID: 29514783 *19 Suehara Y, et al. Liquid biopsy for the identification of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2018 Jun;103(6):e241-e244.PMID: 29472348 *20 Shimada K, et al. Frequent genetic alterations in immune checkpoint-related genes in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2021 Mar 18;137(11):1491-1502.PMID: 33512416 *21 Suzuki Y, et al. Immune evasionrelated extranodal large B-cell lymphoma: A report of six patients with neoplastic PD-L1-positive extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Pathol Int. 2019; 69: 13-20. *22 Gupta GK, Jaffe ES, Pittaluga S. A study of PD-L1 expression in intravascular large B cell lymphoma: correlation with clinical and pathological features. Histopathology. 2019; 75: 282-286. *23 Sakakibara A, Inagaki Y, Imaoka E, et al. Divergence and heterogeneity of neoplastic PD-L1 expression: two autopsy case reports of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Pathol Int. 2019; 69: 148-154. *24 Kataoka K, et al. Aberrant PD-L1 expression through 3′-UTR disruption in multiple cancers. Nature. 2016; 534: 402-406. *25 Shimada K, et al. Retrospective analysis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy as reported by the IVL study group in Japan. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26: 3189-3195. *26 Shimada K, Kinoshita T, Naoe T, Nakamura S. Presentation and management of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Lancet Oncol. 2009; 10: 895-902. *27 Geer M, Roberts E, Shango M, et al. Multicentre retrospective study of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma treated at academic institutions within the United States. Br J Haematol. 2019; 186: 255-262. *28 Shimada K, et al. Rituximab, cyclophosphamide,doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolonecombined with high-dose methotrexate plus intrathecal chemotherapyfor newly diagnosed intravascular large B-celllymphoma (PRIMEUR-IVL): a multicentre, single-arm,phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21: 593-602. *29 Abe Y, Narita K, Kobayashi H, et al. Clinical value of abnormal findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2018; 97: 2345-2352. *30 Shimada K, Kosugi H, Shimada S, et al. Evaluation of organ involvement in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Int J Hematol. 2008; 88: 149-153. *31 Asada N, Odawara J, Kimura S, et al. Use of random skin biopsyfor diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 1525-1527. *32 Matsue K, Asada N, Odawara J, et al. Random skin biopsyand bone marrow biopsy for diagnosis of intravascular largeB cell lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2011; 90: 417-421. *33 Matsue K, Abe Y, Kitadate A, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of incisional random skin biopsy for diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2019; 133: 1257-1259. *34 Shimada K, Yoshida K, Suzuki Y, et al. Frequent genetic alterations in immune checkpoint-related genes in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2021; 137: 1491-1502.